Items where Subject is "Metallurgy > Waste Recycling"

Article

Abhilash, and Agarwal, Harshita and Meshram, Pratima and Meshram, Rohit B and Jha, Soni and Patel, J N and Soni, M K and Rokkam, Kiran and Mashruwala, Sheeba (2021) Green process for recovery of vanadium from hazardous spent contact process catalyst by oxalic acid: kinetics and mechanism. Separation Science and Technology (1.75).

Abhilash, and Ghosh, Anirban and Pandey, B D (2015) Bioleaching of low grade granitic chalcopyrite ore by hyperthermophiles: Elucidation of kinetics-mechanism. Revue de Métallurgie, 112/5 (IF-0.176). pp. 1-14.

Abhilash, and Hedrich, Sabrina and Schippers, Axel (2021) Distribution of scandium in red mud and extraction using Gluconobacter oxydans. Hydrometallurgy, 202 (3.356).

Abhilash, and Meshram, Pratima and Sarkar, Supriyo and Venugopalan, T (2017) Exploring Blast Furnace Slag As A Secondary Resource For Extraction Of Rare Earth Elements. Minerals & Metallurgical Processing Journal, 34(4) (IF-0.692). pp. 178-182.

Abhilash, and Tabassum, Shirin and Ghosh, Anirban and Meshram, Pratima and van Hullebusch, Eric (2021) Microbial Processing of Waste Shredded PCBs for Copper Extraction Cum Separation—Comparing the Efficacy of Bacterial and Fungal Leaching Kinetics and Yields. Metals, 11, 317 (2.369).

Abhilash, and Usha, Yenni and Seetharaman, K and Meshram, Pratima and Mehta, K D and Pandey, B D (2021) Application of Hydrodynamics Using CFD in Evaluating Efficacy of External Loop Air-lift Reactor Biochemical Leaching of Sea Nodules. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review .

Abhilash, and Vaidyanathan, Swetha and Meshram, Pratima (2021) An overview on chemical processes for synthesis of graphene from waste carbon resources. Carbon Letters (1.917).

Adeleke, A A and Odusote, J K and Lasode, O A and Ikubanni, P P and Malathi, M and Paswan, Dayanand (2019) Evaluation of Thermal Decomposition Characteristics and Kinetic Parameters of Melina Wood. Biofuels (IF-1.130). pp. 1-7.

Agrawal, A (2005) Effluent treatment and by-product recovery from the sludge of an alumina plant. Minerals Engineering, 18 (4). pp. 463-465.

Akcil, Ata and Akhmadiyeva, Nazym and Abdulvaliyev, Rinat and Abhilash, and Meshram, Pratima (2017) c. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 39(3) (IF-1.219). pp. 145-151.

Ammasi, A and Pal, J (2016) Replacement of bentonite in hematite ore pelletisation using a combination of sodium lignosulphonate and copper smelting slag. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 43(3) (IF-0.985). pp. 203-213.

Anand, Rounak Sneh and Kumar, Prakash and Paswan, Dayanand (2016) Conversion of Sponge Iron From Low Grade Iron ore And Mill Scale Through Simulating Tunnel Kiln Condition. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 13(5) . pp. 49-54.

Bawkar, Shilpa Kalamani and Jha, Manis K and Choubey, Pankaj K and Parween, Rukshana and Panda, Rekha and Singh, Pramod Kumar and Lee, Jae-chun (2022) Application of Environmental Friendly Bio-adsorbent based on a Plant Root for Copper Recovery Compared to the Synthetic Resin. Resources Recycling .

Bourzik, O and Baba, K and Akkouri, N and Meshram, Rohit B and Bouyakhsass, R and Nounah, A (2023) Life cycle assessment and thermophysical properties of a fly ash-based geopolymer containing drinking water treatment sludge-. Environmental Science and Pollution Research .

Choubey, Pankaj K and Singh, Nityanand and Panda, Rekha and Kumar, J Rajesh and Yoo, Kyoungkeun and Park, Ilhwan and Jha, Manis K (2021) Development of Hydrometallurgical Process for Recovery of Rare Earth Metals (Nd, Pr, and Dy) from Nd-Fe-B Magnets. Metals .

Das, Avimanyu and Vidyadhar, A and Mehrotra, S P (2009) A novel flowsheet for the recovery of metal values from waste printed circuit boards. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53 (8). pp. 464-469.

Dhal, B and Abhilash, and Pandey, B D (2014) Microbial sorption studies for removal of trivalent chromium from model tanning bath. Advanced Materials Research, 828 . pp. 33-44.

Dhiman, S and Joshi, R S and Singh, S and Gill, S S and Singh, H and Kumar, R and Kumar, Vinod (2022) Recycling of Ti6Al4V machining swarf into additive manufacturing feedstock powder to realise sustainable recycling goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 348 .

Djobo, J N Y and Elimbi, A and Tchakoute, H K and Kumar, S (2017) Volcanic ash-based geopolymer cements/concretes: the current state of the art and perspectives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(5) (IF-2.741). pp. 4433-4446.

Gurevich, Y L and Teremova, M I and Bondarenko, G N and Kislan, S L and Abhilash, (2015) Bio-chemical leaching of kaolinite-hematite-boehmite type bauxite ore. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 22/5 (IF-0.655). pp. 248-252.

Jha, Manis K and Choubey, Pankaj K and Dinkar, Om Shankar and Panda, Rekha and Kumar, J Rajesh and Yoo, Kyoungkeun and Park, Ilhwan (2021) Recovery of Rare Earth Metals (REMs) from Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries of Electric Vehicles. Minerals .

Katiyar, P K and Randhawa, N S and Hait, Jhumki and Jana, R K and Singh, K K and Mankhand, T R (2014) Anodic Dissolution Behaviour of Tungsten Carbide Scraps in Ammoniacal Media. Advanced Material Research, 828 (IF-). pp. 11-20.

Kumar, Sanjay and Kumar, Rakesh and Bandopadhyay, A (2006) Innovative methodologies for the utilisation of wastes from metallurgical and allied industries. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 48 (4). pp. 301-314.

Kumar, Sanjay and Sahoo, D P and Nath, S K and Alex, T C and Kumar, Rakesh (2012) From Grey Waste to Green Geopolymer. Science and Culture, 78(11-12) . pp. 511-516.

Kumari, Archana and Singh, Sunidhi and Parmar, Kavita and Pathak, D D and Jha, Manis K (2020) Treatment of monazite processed effluent to recover rare earth metals (REMs). Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 83 (IF-5.278). pp. 421-429.

Malathi, M and Adekunle, Adeleke and Odusote, J K and Ikubannia, P P and Lasode, O A and Paswan, Dayanand (2020) The Ignitability, Fuel ratio and Ash Fusion Temperatures of Torrefied Woody Biomass. Heliyon, 6/3 (IF-1.65). e03582.

Meshram, Pratima and Abhilash, (2019) Battery Recycling- Charged with Huge Potential. Material Recycling , 5(2) . pp. 20-22.

Meshram, Pratima and Abhilash, and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R and Deveci, Haci (2018) Extraction of metals from spent lithium ion batteries: role of acid, reductant and process intensification in recycling. 25(4):368-375, 25(4) (IF-0.348). pp. 368-375.

Meshram, Pratima and Abhilash, and Sahu, Rina (2020) Environmental impact of spent lithium-ion batteries and green recycling perspectives by organic acids - A review. Chemosphere, 242 (IF-5.778).

Meshram, Pratima and Ghosh, Anirban and Ramamurthy, Y and Pandey, B D and Abhilash, and Torem, M L (2018) Removal of Cr(VI) from mine effluents by ion exchange resins-comparative study of Amberlite IRA 400 And IRA 900. Russian Journal of Nonferrous Metals . (In Press)

Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Abhilash, (2019) Perspective of availability and sustainable recycling prospects of metals in rechargeable batteries – A resource overview. Resources Policy, 60 . pp. 9-22.

Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R (2015) Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching. Chemical Engineering Journal, 281 (IF-4.321). pp. 418-427.

Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R (2015) Leaching of base metals from spent Ni–metal hydride batteries with emphasis on kinetics and characterization. Hydrometallurgy, 158 (1.933). pp. 172-179.

Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R (2016) Process optimization and kinetics for leaching of rare earth metals from the spent Ni–metal hydride batteries. Waste Management, 51 (IF-4.030). pp. 196-203.

Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R (2015) Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries: Leaching and kinetic aspects. Waste Management, 45 (IF-3.220). pp. 306-313.

Meshram, Pratima and Prakash, Uday and Bhagat, Lalit and Abhilash, and Zhao, Hongbo and van Hullebusch, Eric D (2020) Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Minerals, 10(3) (IF-2.380). p. 290.

Nath, S K and Kumar, Sanjay (2013) Influence of iron making slags on strength and microstructure of fly ash geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 38 (IF-1.834). pp. 924-930.

Pal, J and Chelladurai, Arunkumar and Yamuzala, Rajshekhar and Das, Goutam and Goswami, M C and Venugopalan, T (2014) Development on Iron Ore Pelletization Using Calcined Lime and MgO Combined Flux Replacing Limestone and Bentonite. ISIJ International, 54 (IF-1.69). pp. 2169-2178.

Pal, J and Ghorai, S and Das, Avimanyu (2015) Development of carbon composite iron ore micropellets by using the microfines of iron ore and carbon-bearing materials in iron making. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 22 (IF-0.69). pp. 132-140.

Pal, J and Ghorai, S and Goswami, M C and Prakash, S and Venugopalan, T (2014) Development of Pellet-Sinter Composite Agglomerate for Blast Furnace. ISIJ International, vol 54 (IF-1.069). pp. 620-627.

Pal, J and Ghorai, S and Venugopalan, T (2020) Effect of high Blaine iron ore fines in hematite ore pelletization for blast furnace. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C), 129 (3–4) (IF-0.89). pp. 299-307.

Pal, J and Goswami, M C and Ghosh, Dinabandhu and Bandyopadhyay, D and Ghosh, S (2013) Behavior of fluxed lime iron oxide pellets in hot metal bath during melting and refining. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 20(4) (IF-0.69). pp. 329-337.

Panda, Rekha and Dinkar, Om Shankar and Choubey, Pankaj K and Parween, Rukshana and Jha, Manis K and Pathak, D D (2022) Recovery of Precious Metal Silver from Scrap Computer Keyboards. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2022 . pp. 71-81.

Panda, Rekha and Dinkar, Om Shankar and Jha, Manis K and Pathak, D D (2020) Novel approach for selective recovery of gold, copper, and iron as marketable product from industrial effluent. Gold Bulletin, 53 (IF-2.279). pp. 11-18.

Panda, Rekha and Dinkar, Om Shankar and Jha, Manis K and Pathak, D D (2020) Recycling of gold from waste electronic components of devices. Korean journal of Chemical Engineering, 37(1) (IF-2.476). pp. 111-119.

Panda, Rekha and Jha, Manis K and Pathak, D D (2019) Recovery of precious metals from PCBs of e-waste. Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 61, No. 4 . pp. 213-219.

Paswan, Dayanand and M, Malathi (2024) Tunnel Kiln: A Technoeconomic Route of Sponge Iron Making. Steel and Metallurgy, 26/12 (2). pp. 42-48.

Prasad, Sanjay (2022) Zinc powder preparation from zinc dross. Materials Today: Proceedings, 67(SI: Part 2) . pp. 336-341.

Priya, Jayati and Randhawa, N S and Hait, Jhumki and Bordoloi, N and Patel, J N (2020) High purity copper recycled from smelter dust by sulfation roasting, water leaching and electrorefining. Environmental Chemistry Letters (IF-5.922). pp. 1-7.

Randhawa, N S and Jana, R K and Das, N N (2012) Silicomanganese production utilising low grade manganese nodules leaching residue. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C) (0.667). pp. 1-9.

Rao, M D and Meshram, R B and Singh, K K and Morrison, C A and Love, J B (2023) Life cycle analysis on sequential recovery of copper and gold from waste printed circuit boards. Waste Management, 171 . pp. 621-627.

Sankar, T K and Abhilash, and Meshram, Pratima (2023) Environmental Impact Assessment in the Entire Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 262(1) .

Sankar, Tapan Kumar and Abhilash, and Meshram, Pratima (2024) Environmental Impact Assessment in the Entire Life Cycle of Lithium‑Ion Batteries. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, 262 (5) (6.9).

Sankara Narayanan, T S N and Magesh, G and Rajendran, N (2003) Degradation of o-Chlorophenol from aqueous solution by electro-fenton process. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12 (7). pp. 776-780.

Snakar, T K and Abhilash, and Meshram, P (2024) Environmental Impact Assessment in the Entire Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 262(1) .

Book or NML Publication

Abhilash, and Meshram, Pratima (2019) Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Metallurgical Wastes. In: Sustainable and Economic Waste Management-Resource Recovery Techniques. CRC Press, Australia, pp. 247-262. ISBN 9780367232559

Kumar, Rakesh and Srivastava, J P and Premchand, (1998) Utilization of iron values of red mud for metallurgical applications. In: Environmental and Waste Management (ISSN : 0971-9407). National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India, Jamshedpur, India, pp. 108-119.

Meshram, Pratima and Abhilash, (2023) Material Recycling: Unearthing Metals from Anthropogenic and Industrial Resources. In: New Horizons in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing. Springer, India, pp. 69-89. ISBN 978-981-19-5569-3

Meshram, Pratima and Abhilash, and Pandey, B D (2019) Global Outlook on the Availability of Critical Metals and Recycling Prospects from Rechargeable Batteries. In: Critical and Rare Earth Elements. CRC Press, Boca Raton, US, pp. 37-58. ISBN 978-0367086473

Panda, Rekha and Jha, Manis K and Dinkar, Om Shankar and Pathak, D D (2020) Reclamation of Precious Metals from Small Electronic Components of Computer Hard Disks. In: Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2020, pp. 243-250.

Vasumathi, N and Vijaya Kumar, T V and Subba Rao, S (2018) Flotation of iron ore washing plant tailings. In: National Conference on Waste to wealth in mining and metallurgical Industries (WWMMI 2018). IMMT Bhubaneswar.

Conference or Workshop Item

Abhilash, and Kumari, Neha and Pandey, B D (2012) Isolation of native extremophiles from indian bauxite and red mud for mineral beneficiation. In: XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC) 2012 Proceedings, September, 2012, New Delhi.

Abhilash, and Mehta, K D and Kumar, Vinay and Pandey, B D and Tamrakar, P K (2010) Bioleaching - an alternate uranium ore processing technology for India. In: 2nd International conference on Asian nuclear prospects, 11-13 October 2010, Mamallapuram, Chennai, India.

Abhilash, and Sinha, Shivendra and Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Behera, P K and Satapathy, B K (2014) RedMud: A Secondary Resource for Rare Earth Elements. In: International Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminium Symposium-IBAAS 2014, 27-29th November 2014, Vishakapatnam, India.

Anand Ram, S and Abhilash, and Mehta, K D and Pandey , B D and Mankhand, T R (2008) Microbial dissolution of a low grade Indian chalcopyrite ore using mixed culture of Mesophiles. In: International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology (MPT-2008) , April 22-24, 2008, Trivandrum,INDIA.

Dey, Banashree and Sarkar, Ashis (2013) Morphological analysis of ferrospheres isolated from fly ash collected from fields of an ESP. In: International Conference on Science and Technology of Ironmaking & Steelmaking (STIS 2013) December 16-18, 2013, (STIS 2013) December 16-18, 2013, India.

Ghosh, Anirban and Kumari, Sujata and Abhilash, and Pandey, B D (2013) Microbial upgradation of Meghalaya coal by Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Proceedings of XIII international seminar on Mineral Processing Technology, 10-12, December 2013, Bhubaneswar.

Katiyar, P K and Randhawa, N S and Hait, Jhumki and Jana, R K and Singh, K K and Mankhand, T R (2014) An overview on different processes for recovery of valuable metals from tungsten carbide scrap. In: International Conference on Nonferrous Minerals and Metals (ICNFMM), July 2014, Nagpur.

Kumari, Aarti and Sahu, S K and Ranganathan, S (2018) Recovery of mixed rare earth oxide and fine powder of metallic iron from spent NdFeB magnet of wind turbines. In: 22nd International Conference on Nonferrous Minerals and Metals, 6-7th July 2018, Ranchi.

Meshram, Pratima and Sahu, S K and Sinha, Manish K and Khan, Pritam and Pandey, B D and Mankhand, T R (2010) Solvothermal synthesis of high value copper powder from Copper bleed solution. In: NMD - ATM 2010, 14-16th November 2010, National Science Seminar Complex, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Meshram, Pratima and Kumari, Jyotsna and Abhilash, and Pandey, B D (2014) Extraction of V2O5 from Bayer’s Sludge - An Overview. In: Int Bauxite,Alumina and Aluminium Symposium-IBAAS 2014, 27-29th November 2014, Vishakapatnam, INDIA.

Mishra, D and Kanari, N and Gaballah, I and Dupre, B (2002) Zinc recovery from EAF dust through thermal reduction. In: EPD Congress -2002 (Annual Meeting of the Minerals-Metals-and-Materials-Society), Feb. 17-21, 2002, Seattle, USA.

Priya, Jayati and Randhawa, N S and Hait, Jhumki (2020) Thermochemical Simulation, Thermogravimetry and Roasting Studies for Selective Sulfation of Copper in Flash Smelter Dust. In: 22nd DAE-BRNS Sysmposium on Thermal Analysis (Thermans2020), 30 Jan-01 Feb 2020, BARC (Mumbai).

Randhawa, N S and Katiyar, P K and Hait, Jhumki and Jana, R K and Singh, K K and Mankhand, T R (2013) Anodic dissolution behaviour of tungsten carbide scraps in ammoniacal media. In: 17th Int. Conf. on non-ferrous Met. 2013, 5-6 July 2013, Ranchi (India).

Randhawa, N S and Kumari, Aarti and Sahu, S K (2020) Chloridizing Roasting of Spent NdFeB Magnet Using Ammonium Chloride. In: 22nd DAE-BRNS Symposium on Thermal Analysis (Thermans 2020), 30 Jan-01 Feb 2020, BARC (Mumbai).

Randhawa, N S and Sau, D C (2014) Iron oxide waste to clean arsenic-contaminated water. In: National Metallurgist Day-Annual Technical Meeting (NMD-ATM), 12-15 November 2014, College of Engineering, Pune (COEP).

Randhawa, N S and Yelne, Payal M and Gharami, Kalpataru and Sau, D C and Kumar, Manoj (2014) Recovery of metals from spent nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery by leaching-electrowining process. In: 18th Int. Conf. on non-ferrous Met. 2014, 11-12 July 2014, Nagpur (India).

Sinha, Manish K and Sahu, S K and Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Kumar, Vinay (2010) Extractive separation and recovery of hydrochloric acid and iron values from spent pickle liquor. In: XI International Seminar on Mineral Processing Technology (MPT-2010), 15 - 17 December, 2010, NML, Jamshedpur.

Sinha, Manish K and Sahu, S K and Meshram, Pratima and Pandey, B D and Kumar, Vinay (2009) Recovery of acid and iron values from the spent pickle liquor by solvent extraction. In: NMD - ATM 2009, November 14, 2009 to November 17, 2009, Science City Complex,Kolkata, India.

Vasumathi, N and Vijaya Kumar, T V and Subba Rao, S and Prabhakar, S and Bhaskar Raju, G (2016) Removal of lead from waste material containing carbon. In: 20th National Conference on Non-ferrous minerals and metals, 8-9 July 2016, Jamshedpur.

Project Reports

Abhishek, and Bhattacharya, Maitreyee (2013) Alkali Roasting and Leaching : A Process for the Tungsten Sludge. Training Report (TR). CSIR -NML, Jamshedpur. (Unpublished)

Banerjee, S K and Narayanan, P I A (1954) Recovery of Pyrite from the Coal washery rejects from Nowrozabad. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Banerjee, S K and Raman, P V and Narayanan, P I A (1958) Recovery of Metallic from Gun Metal Ash by Tabling methods. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Basak, G and Sampath, V S and Bhatnagar, P P (1963) Recovery of Aluminium from Aluminium Dross. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Basak, G and Sampath, V S and Bhatnagar, P P (1968) Studies on the Recovery of Zinc from Zinc Dross Produced at the Workshop, Post and Telegraphs, Calcutta. Other (TMP). CSIR- NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur,.

Dasgupta, P K and Narayanan, P I A (1954) Recovery of Radioactive minerals from the Slimes of the I.C.C. flotation tailing. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Dutta, R K and Banerjee, T (1951) Recovery of nickel and zinc from Silver refinery waste liquid - Part II (Chemical Method). Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Kapoor, A N and Chatterjee, A B and Nijhawan, B R (1955) Recovery of Zinc from Dross. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Mathur, G P and Raman, P V and Narayanan, P I A (1958) Recovery of Ferromanganese from Joda electric furnace slag by tabling method. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Pandey, B D and Kumar, Vinay and Mehta, K D and Sahu, S K and Abhilash, (2007) Project Completion Report for the Network Project entitled Treatment/Bioremediation of Electroplating and Leather Tanning Effluents Containing Chromium COR – 008 (ILP – 013) {A Network Project of CSIR, New Delhi under Xth Five Year Plan}. Grant in Aid (GAP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur. (Submitted)

Subramanian, M and Srikrishna, T L and Bhatnagar, P P (1962) Recovery of Metallic values from Industrial Brass Dross. Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Yedavalli, B V S and Narayanan, P I A (1965) Recovery of Metallic zinc from zinc ash from Messrs Indian Tube Co.Ltd., Jamshedpur (1963). Other (TMP). CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur.

Thesis

Kumari, Anjan (2017) Recovery and recycling of metals from waste PCBs using pyrolysis followed by hydrometallurgical processes and characterization. PhD thesis, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jamshedpur, India.

Srivastava, Nidhi and Abhilash, (2012) Bacterial Isolates in hexavalent chromium reduction:Applications form synthetic to real systems. Masters thesis, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (Utkal University).

Tope, Ogundele Damilola (2019) Synthesis, modification and application of nano structured ultra fine lead (II) oxide from spent automobile lead acid battery. PhD thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.