Effect of titanium, aluminium & other additions on the solidification & structure of steel ingots

Carbon percentage of steel and casting temperatures influence the solidification and structure of steel ingots but the chief factors controlling the presence and position of blowholes are the amounts of silicon, manganese and, in some cases, aluminium, titanium and other additions. Small amounts of aluminium, titanium or other additions react with the oxygen of steel to form solid products, which emerge at the top. Steel ingots cast by various investigators and by the present author with aluminium, titanium and other additions have been examined in this paper. The structure obtained by varying the quantity of these additions has been discussed. An attempt has also been made to correlate the amounts of such additions with the type of ingot produced in a mould of particular size. (Shri K.N. Gupta, Scientist, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur)