Economic utilization, recovery and substitution of some strategic non-ferrous metals

With the increased tempo of industrial expansion and
the ever rising consumption of common nonferrous metals like copper, lead, zinc, tin, deficient in India, their conservation, substitution, reclamation from waste pro-ducts and substandard raw materials are of paramount
importance for India, not only to tide over the present crisis but also in the larger interest of economic
growth and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency can be attained by developing processes for the utilization of
low grade and other complex ores, recovery of metals
from waste products like slags, ashes, drosses and above all by the conservation of non-ferrous metals not avail-able in the country by their judicious use and subst-itution.