Preparation of Electronics grade Bismuth, Antimony, Tellurium, Cadmium and Zinc by Vaccum distillation and Zone refining

APART from the usual importance of bismuth, antimony, tellurium, cadmium & zinc in thechemical, metallurgical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and paint industries , these materials in their high purity forms (9999 to 99999 %) have recently acquired special significance in the electronics industry for semiconductor and various other applications. The major applications of these electronics grade materials in the electronic industry are :

Bismuth : solders and thermo-electric devices,
Antimony : semi-conductor devices + for crystal doping),
photocell cathodes,
Tellurium Compound semi-conductors
Cadmium Solders mostly for semi-conductor processing
and for compound semi-conductors, such as CdS.
Zinc : dopant and diffusant in semi-conductors.