Thermodynamic aspects of chemical Reactions, as applied to the smelting & Refining of lead

Abstract

With a reference to the formulae employed in chemical thermodynamics , available data on thermodynamics of chemical reactions involved in the extraction and refining of lead are brought together. Equilibrium constants of the reactions have been calculated from the standard free energy data to explain the desideratum of optimum working conditions required during roasting, smelting and refining of lead . Graphs showing the changes with temperature of standard free energies of formation of oxides, sulphides, chlorides , fluorides , sulphates,carbonates and silicates have been incorporated for ready reference.